Funding programme

Horizon Europe is the EU’s key funding programme for research and innovation. Cluster 2 aims to strengthen European democratic values, including rule of law and fundamental rights, safeguarding cultural heritage, and promoting socio-economic transformations that contribute to inclusion and growth.

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Call overview

This call supports projects that investigate the drivers and mechanisms of radicalisation, extremism, and polarisation and develop inclusive, evidence-based tools and strategies to counter hate, disinformation, and social fragmentation while safeguarding democratic values.

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Expected Outcome

Projects should contribute to all of the following expected outcomes:

• EU and national decision makers, researchers (including from SSH disciplines), practitioners, educators, and media organisations are equipped to deliver effective prevention and counter measures on radicalisation, extremism, hate speech, and polarisation, by gaining a comprehensive understanding of the linkages between social and economic inequality, polarisation, radicalisation, and hatred, and by implementing effective recommendations, tools, narratives, methodologies, and other innovative solutions.
• EU institutions and national policymakers gain insights into radicalisation, extremism, and hate speech, including their impact on young people and how youth perceive and engage with information on these phenomena, whether online or offline.
• EU institutions, national decision-makers, and civil society organisations acquire a thorough understanding of the mechanisms driving successful extremist, radical, and hate campaigns, as well as the diverse political environments and their modes of interaction and communication, extending beyond social media and online platforms.

In addition, projects should contribute to at least one of the following expected outcomes:

• Improved understanding of methodologies to effectively map hate ecosystems online through qualitative and quantitative tools, also with a view to supporting the enforcement of existing laws prohibiting racist, xenophobic and misogynistic hate speech, and to protect potential victims.
• Increased understanding of the link between disinformation (including foreign information manipulation and interference FIMI) and hate speech, and radicalisation and extremism, in particular how disinformation and hate campaigns deepen social divisions and create the conditions for radicalisation and extremism.
• Increased understanding of patterns of media consumption by individuals and their use of traditional media vs social media to form their own opinion, the effects of a polarised public sphere on the media landscape, including the role of journalists; and the possible developments in the area of citizens’-led media content.
• Increased understanding of the role of traditional media, online media, social media, and artificial intelligence in countering mis- and disinformation and information manipulation, hatred, and the spread of narratives that drive radicalisation, polarisation, and extremism in societies.
• Improved tools and methods to assess the reliability of sources and related meta-tagging systems to map different points of view, as well as other actionable journalistic practices (e.g. forums, citizens’ engagement and outreach, communication channels with editorial teams) which have proven effective in improving the quality of debate in the media.
• Increased availability of training tools, materials, and methods for educators and educational organisations to engage with students, enhancing their capacity to provide opportunities to raise awareness and counter hate, extremism and polarisation.

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Scope

The phenomena of radicalisation, extremism, incitement to hatred and polarisation are a growing threat to democracy and social cohesion. In recent years, the EU has adopted several strategies to combat racism, antisemitism and xenophobia, as well as to counter hate speech and hate crimes. The EU also has policy tools to respond to all forms of extremism and radicalisation. As recalled by the Joint Communication “No Place for Hate”^[1] of 6 December 2023, these initiatives are even more urgent considering the growth in hate speech and crimes against women and people belonging to vulnerable groups in recent years.

Social media amplifies radicalisation, extremism, hate speech, information manipulation and polarisation. Algorithm-driven personalisation restricts the public sphere and creates "echo chambers" where users primarily engage with like-minded views. This confirmation bias intensifies polarisation, fuels radicalisation, aids in recruiting extremists, and promotes hate speech and crime. Confirmation bias influences both social and traditional media users, as individuals seek information aligning with their beliefs. This trend impacts public discourse, fostering mis- and disinformation and information manipulation including conspiracy theories by limiting exposure to diverse perspectives and distorting perception of reality.

These phenomena arise from distortions in online interactions and media outlet characteristics, especially those that are mostly if not solely disseminated online. In certain member states, online media have become a primary information source alongside, or in the place of, traditional media channels (TV, radio, press), while lacking transparency regarding affiliations with interest groups or foreign influences. Moreover, radicalization and polarisation spread through social networks beyond social media. Therefore, proposals should also consider offline social networks, which include relationships like friendships, kinships, and shared interests, not solely reliant on online platforms.

Research activities should involve a wide range of stakeholders and potential end-users, including non-scientific and non-academic actors, such as, but not limited to, public bodies, media organisations and outlets, journalists, social media platforms, and representatives from other social networks, non-governmental organisations, civil society organisations, policymakers, educational bodies, other potential end-users of the research results. The involvement of one or more of these categories of stakeholders is required to test and uptake the research results and to explore their readiness to be implemented and replicated. More specifically, research activities are encouraged to involve private entities, such as providers of intermediaries’ services under the Digital Services Act (DSA), as their involvement is required to provide researchers with access to data necessary to undertake research and access to platform data on the spread and behaviour of disinformation online.

Proposals are encouraged to explore the following themes (among others): radicalisation and polarisation driven by stereotypes related to gender, religion, or ethnic minorities; the impact of new technologies on the production and dissemination of radicalisation and extremist content; the role of social cohesion, as both radicalisation and democratic participation are significantly influenced by the level of social cohesion within society; linkages between social and economic inequality and radicalisation, extremism, hatred and polarisation^[2].

Proposals are encouraged to include historical and comparative analysis, which is crucial for understanding the past uses of hate speech as well as contemporary efforts by radical and extremist organisations to shape narratives. By contextualising these dynamics, proposals can explore the evolution and impacts of these phenomena over time, providing insights into effective strategies for combating them.

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Eligibility

To be eligible for funding, applicants must be established in one of the following countries:

• the Member States of the European Union, including their outermost regions;
• the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) linked to the Member States;
• countries associated to Horizon Europe;
• low- and middle-income countries.

See specifics in the General Annexes document, page 9.

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Consortium composition

Only legal entities forming a consortium are eligible to participate in actions provided that the consortium includes, as beneficiaries, three legal entities independent from each other and each established in a different country as follows:

• at least one independent legal entity established in a Member State; and
• at least two other independent legal entities, each established in different Member States or Associated Countries.

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Budget

The total indicative budget for the topic is EUR 10.50 million.